Journey of Transition Toolkit

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Reintegration of Children into Families

Reintegration is the process of a separated child transitioning back to his or her immediate or extended family and community. It is a multilayered series of actions that seeks to ensure family placements are safe and successful for the long-term.

Most children in residential care globally have at least one parent or close family member who is still living. In many cases, these family members could care for their children if given the right support. Reintegration of a child back into his or her birth family is considered the best option for children leaving residential care—but only if and when it is deemed safe and appropriate after thorough child and family assessments. When reuniting a child with his or her birth family is determined to be unsafe or not in the best interests of a child at any stage in the process, then alternative forms of family care—kinship care, foster care, or adoption—should be considered.

To keep children safe from harm and to avoid the potential trauma of multiple placements, it is important that each child’s reintegration be planned, prepared, and managed carefully.

Reintegration begins with reassessing both the root causes of separation between a child and his or her family, and the current circumstances of the family. In cases where a child has lost contact with the family and the family’s location is unknown, this process begins by tracing the family with the help of trained case workers, media outreach, site visits to the community of origin, and consultation with local authorities.

Family reintegration is not a one-time event. It requires extensive collaboration to determine if placement is in the child’s best interests, identifying and facilitating appropriate family-strengthening services, preparing the child and family, supervising pre-placement communication and visits to encourage connection, and offering regular post-placement follow-up support.

Guidelines on Children’s Reintegration Includes guidance on stages of reintegration (both emergency and nonemergency contexts), case management process, working with family, post-reunification support and monitoring, and reintegration within the wider continuum of child protection. (Family for Every Child)

Reaching for Home: Global learning on family reintegration in low and lower-middle income countries Synthesizes learning from a multitude of reports, studies, and programming documents around issues related to children separated from parental care, particularly those children in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Topics include assessment, reintegration planning, preparation, reunification, post-reunification support, and promising practices. (Interagency Group on Reintegration, et al.)

Standard Operating Procedures – Family Reintegration Features guiding principles, key terms, key steps, evaluation, and further reading, with a focus on street children. (Retrak)

Community Based Social Work with Children and Families: A Manual on Prevention and Reintegration Provides information on how to assess and support families, prevent institutionalization, and reintegrate children with their parents. Includes case studies, technical guidance, and a range of forms on case planning, interviewing, recording, project monitoring, child protection incidents, and chairing planning meetings. (Save the Children UK)

A Conversation with Family for Every Child on Reintegration: Part 1 & Part 2 Provides a substantial overview of the cross-cutting principles for successful reintegration and what needs to be in place for healthy reunification of children with their families. (Faith to Action Initiative)

Understanding Child-Centered Case Management

Child-centered case management is an important approach to ensuring that reintegration is done well. The case management process takes reintegration into consideration for all children who are in residential care, regardless of age or special care needs.

Child-centered case management refers to the individualized support provided by professional social workers or trained paraprofessionals who work closely with the children and families during each step of the transition process. This not only provides children and families with a source of consistent and ongoing support, but also provides for the regular documentation of any assessments, records, and other information needed to make sound placement decisions and develop (as well as monitor and update) care plans based on the actual strengths, circumstances, and needs of individual children and families.

The stages of case management prior to, during, and after transition to family include:

  • Assessing each child’s development, history, strengths and needs;
  • Tracing his or her birth family to determine if reunification is possible and appropriate;
  • When reunification is not possible, identifying and assessing alternative family care options;
  • Gathering documentation (records, assessments) and providing input into a placement decision;
  • Identifying what services are needed by the child and family, and providing the necessary referrals and follow-up;
  • With the input of child and family, developing an individualized care plan that builds on their respective strengths to meet their needs, and care plans may be more highly specialized for children who have disabilities, who are coming out of situations in which they are particularly vulnerable, or who are living in fragile or emergency contexts;
  • Preparing the child and family for transition; and
  • Once the child has been placed in a family, monitoring child and family adjustment and well-being, and identifying additional support or initiating intervention when needed.

While the key steps are common to all, the pacing is specific to the preparation and readiness of each child and family. A child-centered focus aims to engage children in age-appropriate ways, protect them from harm, ensure that case managers make decisions in children’s best interests, and work closely with families and communities.

Case management does not end with placing children in families but continues through monitoring each child’s and family’s adjustment for a period of time. In all care options, consistent case monitoring and effective family-strengthening services are critical to preventing further separation and to ensuring the best possible outcomes for children placed in family care. Even children aging out of residential care or foster care continue to benefit from a case manager who supports their transition to independent living.

Inter-Agency Guidelines for Case Management & Child Protection Provides step-by-step guidance on how to do case management. Outlines key definitions, principles and practices, contexts for use of case management, and steps in the process. (Global Child Protection Working Group)

Family Case Management: A Handbook for Family Case Managers Details case management within health and community development, including roles and responsibilities of family case managers in care of health, nutrition, food security, and education; conducting home visits; processes of community mobilization; and steps for prioritization and referral. (FHI 360/India)

Making Social Work Work: Improving Social Work for Vulnerable Families and Children Without Parental Care Around the World Calls for families and children in developing countries to be supported in ways that are appropriate to the conditions, culture, and resources available. (EveryChild)

Core Concepts and Principles of Effective Case Management & the Case Management Compendium Supports the social service workers responsible for implementing a case management process, by articulating the main principles and concepts of case management as well as by serving as a guide to help inform or reflect upon local and contextualized approaches. (Global Social Service Workforce Alliance)

Steps and Principles of Case Management Tool Outlines core steps and principles in the case management process. (Faith to Action Initiative)

Learning Brief: How Case Management Contributes to Sustainable Reintegration of Children from Residential Care to Family-Based Care & Community Services Shares basic descriptions of case management in reintegration of children, reporting on the reflection of case studies collated by caseworkers in Kenya. (Changing the Way We Care)

Caseworker’s Guidebook: Case Management for Reintegration of Children into Family or Community Based Care Details standard operating procedures and provides associated relevant job aids for case management of children outside of parental care into family and community-based care. (Department of Children’s Services – Republic of Kenya)

Caseworker’s Toolkit: Case Management for Reintegration of Children into Family or Community Based Care Contains caseworker forms for conducting child and family assessments, consent and assent from caregivers and children, case planning, placement of children and young adults, monitoring, case reviews, case closures, referrals, caregiver and child feedback, and more. (Department of Children’s Services – Republic of Kenya)

Guidelines to Strengthen the Social Service Workforce for Child Protection Includes an overview of the different roles and services of the social service workforce in child protection, as part of recommended strategies and interventions to strengthen the social service workforce to strengthen child protection systems in a country. (Global Social Service Workforce Alliance)

Child-Centered Case Management Toolkit Provides hands-on training materials to help get children safely and permanently into families. (Miracle Foundation)

Key Elements of Child-Centered Case Management This podcast shares the key elements of child-centered case management including the necessary roles, skills, and tools to ensure best practices are being implemented. (Faith to Action Initiative)

Engaging Children and Families

The active participation of children and families is vital to a successful transition and invaluable to the process of accurately assessing specific needs and ensuring an individualized approach to case management. Children and families are the ones most directly impacted by the transition and are often best suited to identify their own strengths, needs, and desires. Children and families alike need to understand what the transition process is about, why it is important, and how they will be engaged and supported before, during, and after placement.

Strategies for child participation in the transition process will depend on each child’s age and developmental capacity. Even young children can participate and express their feelings or concerns through art or play. Older children can often express their own preferences and concerns through one-on-one conversations with a trusted individual, in small group discussions, or through writing. Youth can also speak to larger issues impacting their lives through participation in forums, advisory boards, and group decision making. In all cases, careful consideration is given to protecting the child’s safety and rights to privacy and confidentiality.

Parents and family members are also full partners in the process, providing unique insight into any issues that may need to be addressed to ensure a smooth transition process. They can also help identify the services and support systems that exist or are needed to protect children and strengthen families in their communities. In addition to their individual interviews and assessments, parents and family members can be invited to participate in working groups, forums, support networks, and decision-making processes.

It’s important that caseworkers have (or have the capacity to develop) trusting relationships with the children and families, coupled with a solid understanding of the community context, cultural customs, and local language, so children and families can receive support based on deep understanding of their unique needs.

Residential Care Transition Messaging: Guidelines on Communicating with Children and Young People Supports practitioners to develop messaging for children and young people that clearly communicates the intention to transition and the implications for children and young people in care. These recommendations were developed from care experienced persons.(Transforming Children’s Care Global Collaborative Platform))

Standard Operating Procedures for Case Conferencing Provides a standardized and consistent approach to case conferencing as part of a comprehensive case management approach utilized during decision-making processes for children. (Changing the Way We Care)

Guidelines on Children’s Reintegration Includes guidance on stages of reintegration (both emergency and non-emergency contexts), case management process, working with family, post-reunification support and monitoring, and reintegration within the wider continuum of child protection. (Family for Every Child)

Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children: A Tool for Reviewing the United Nations Framework with Children Explains the key points in the Guidelines and suggests activities to consider the principles of alternative care and what these mean for children and families in different situations. Includes activities for children to produce “Key messages” they would like to share with adults. (SOS Children’s Villages International)

Program P: A Manual for Engaging Men in Fatherhood, Caregiving, and Maternal and Child Health Provides tools and resources for engaging fathers in active parenting, particularly during pregnancy and early childhood; contains three sections: Guide for Health Professionals on Engaging Fathers, Group Education for Fathers, and Mobilizing the Community. (Promundo, EME, and REDMAS)

Conducting Child and Family Assessments

Successful transition to family care depends on the careful and informed consideration of all aspects of a child’s well-being and development. A good assessment process is key to ensuring a child’s safety and protection, avoiding multiple placements, and preparing a child and family.

Conducting formal, individual assessments of all children who will be transitioned into families, as well as the families in which they may be placed, allows case managers to provide information needed for placement decisions (gatekeeping) and to develop individualized care plans based on the unique strengths and needs of each child and family. The assessment process helps to identify any services that may be needed and in what ways these can best be provided. In addition to any previous documentation or records, sources of information for assessment include the child and family, social workers or case managers, current and previous care providers, teachers, health professionals, extended family members, and others who know the child and family well. A sound assessment process always directly and actively engages children and families in the process, affirming their unique strengths, capabilities, and opinions.

The assessment process often begins with tracing a child’s family of origin to determine if reintegration is possible. If reintegration is not safe or appropriate, then alternative care arrangements (such as kinship care, foster care, or adoption) are explored and assessed.

Toolkit for Practitioners: Assessment Forms and Guidance Includes a searchable resource section on evaluating children’s developmental needs, parenting capacity, and family and environmental factors affecting well-being in care. (Better Care Network)

Child Status Index Provides a framework for identifying the needs of children, creating individualized goal-directed service plans for use in monitoring the well-being of children and households, and program-level monitoring and planning at the local level. (O’Donnell K, Nyangara F, Murphy R, Cannon M, Nyberg B)

10 Steps Forward to Deinstitutionalisation: Building communities to support children’s rights Includes a variety of useful templates from planning to individual child assessment. (Terre des hommes and Hope for Himalayan Kids)

Best Interests Determination for Children on the Move: A Toolkit for Decision-Making Guides practitioners in ensuring that the best interests of children are upheld and that they are supported within child protection systems. (Save the Children)

Making Child-Focused Decisions

Procedures that are put into place to prevent unnecessary family separation and to ensure that when separation does occur, ensure each placement decision is based on the best interests of each child, and are often referred to as “gatekeeping”.

Decision-making processes follow two key principles:

  1. The necessity principle: Ensure that alternative placement is genuinely needed before removing a child from his or her family, and never place a child in residential care unless necessary (seek appropriate alternative family care first).
  2. The suitability principle: Always seek to match the approach to care and the placement decision to the specific circumstances and individual needs of each child.

These principles require careful assessment and individualized case management to inform decision-making processes at multiple points:

  • Before family separation: assessing the circumstances to determine what needs to happen, preventing separation through the provision of services when possible and appropriate.
  • After family separation: assessing whether supported family reunification is possible and if not, determining the best alternative care options for each child with preference given to family care.
  • After placement in residential care and during the transition process: assessing and determining the best placement options.

How gatekeeping is managed—that is, who is engaged and in what ways—will look different depending on national policies and local practice. In some countries, gatekeeping may involve a judicial process through which a legal placement decision is made. In other contexts, and especially those where a government-mandated system is not yet in place, gatekeeping may be overseen by allied professionals or trained paraprofessionals. No matter what the context, gatekeeping is always a group process that is informed by thorough assessment and the active participation of children, families, and key stakeholders. Gatekeeping always considers which placement option offers the greatest chance of permanency, with preference given to reunification with a child’s family of origin, and to keeping sibling groups together whenever possible.

Making Decisions for the Better Care of Children: The role of gatekeeping in strengthening family-based care Focuses on the role of gatekeeping in strengthening family care and reforming alternative care systems, and reviews different approaches to gatekeeping. (Better Care Network)

Practitioner Handbook for Alternative Family- and Community- Based Care Provides an overview of each type of care, key considerations, and the process followed for placement. The handbook aims to provide an easy and quick reference to critical information and “how to” about alternative family- and community-based care placements. (Changing the Way We Care)

The Standard Operating Procedures for the Alternative Family-based and Community-based Care of Children in Kenya Provides guidance for the comprehensive implementation of the Guidelines for Alternative Family Care for Children in Kenya, and can serve as a guide for those operating in other countries, for implementing safe and appropriate alternative family and community-based care services and safely and appropriately transitioning children between care options. (Changing the Way We Care and Republic of Kenya)

Gatekeeping Explores effective methods for identifying families at risk of separation, and describes the Active Family Support model proven to be effective in improving the well-being of children by preventing their separation from parents or enabling them to return to their birth families. (Christian Alliance for Orphans)

Effective Gatekeeping Practices Breaks down the steps needed in effective gatekeeping to ensure appropriate family placements and describes the critical role of gatekeeping in strengthening family-based care. (Faith to Action Initiative)

Securing Appropriate Placements for Children Explores important considerations for gatekeeping practices to secure appropriate family placements for children and highlights practical examples of gatekeeping from faith-based organizations in Southeast Asia and Lesotho. (Faith to Action Initiative)

Preparing Children and Families

The transition to family care can be a complex process for children. Every child and family needs proper preparation to minimize trauma, maximize the experience of positive change, and increase placement success.

Regardless of the type of family placement, all children need to be prepared with special consideration of their age and ability. Preparing children for placement includes adequate opportunities to explain the reason for the transition and to listen to children’s views, hopes, and hesitations. Even for a child who is looking forward to placement, there are aspects of adjustment and loss.

Families need time and resources to prepare for receiving a child, and preparing a family for a child’s placement involves parents, siblings, and others in the household. Families need to know about the child’s background and have a thorough understanding of the placement process and care plan, including identified support services and follow-up visits. They have opportunities to ask questions and share information, and know who to contact to share challenges, problems, questions, and success stories. If the family has never cared for children before or has not parented in a long time, additional training in parenting skills may be necessary, especially to care for children who have special physical, behavioral, or emotional needs.

Placement preparation may include family visits and supported reconnection, counseling and psychosocial support, provision of material support and linkage to basic services (e.g., income, employment, housing), and preparation for community integration (e.g., schooling, day care, rehabilitation services, health services).

Case Worker’s Toolkit: Case Management for Reintegration of Children into Family or Community Based Care Contains caseworker forms for: conducting child and family assessments, consent and assent from caregivers and children, case planning, placement of children and young adults, monitoring, case reviews, case closures, referrals, caregiver and child feedback. (Department of Children’s Services – Republic of Kenya)

Guidelines on Children’s Reintegration Includes guidance on stages of reintegration (both emergency and nonemergency contexts), case management process, working with family, post-reunification support and monitoring, and reintegration within the wider continuum of child protection. (Family for Every Child)

Moving to My New Home: A book to help children get ready to move into their new home Explains to children under the age of eight years old what to expect during the time the institution is closing. (Lumos)

Moving to My New Home: A book for children to explain what will happen during the time the institution is closing Explains to children and youth ages 8-16 what to expect during the time the institution is closing. It is in an accessible language also to be used with children with intellectual disabilities. (Lumos)

Monitoring Child Placements

After a child is placed into family care, regular follow-up visits (or “case monitoring”) allow a trained case worker to monitor the child’s well-being and adjustment. Case monitoring may include assessing family support services to determine if they are meeting needs, engaging with teachers and service providers who can give insights into the child’s adjustment, and encouraging children and family members to share their views and concerns (individually and confidentially to ensure their full views are heard). Any issues will be addressed immediately by appropriate follow-up, such as linking the child or family to relevant services. If serious issues such as child abuse are suspected, the child may be transferred to a short-term placement or foster family until the situation can be more fully assessed and remediated.

A child’s case is “closed” when the goals and objectives, including the permanency goal, of the care plan have been met and the long-term protection and care are reasonably assured, or the child has reached an age of independence and can be reasonably expected to have success living independently (care leaving). As in all other steps, closure includes discussions with other professionals, family members, and the child to ensure that everyone is prepared for and in agreement with the closure, and that there is understanding of where and to whom to turn if help is needed in the future. In many cases specialized services or support can continue. A case can be reopened any time a serious concern is raised and substantiated.

Monitoring and Evaluation of Reintegration Toolkit Provides ideas about, examples of, and suggestions for how organizations could collect monitoring and evaluation data with, from, and about the children and young people they work with. (RISE Learning Network)

Guidelines on Children’s Reintegration Includes guidance on stages of reintegration (both emergency and nonemergency contexts), case management process, working with family, post-reunification support and monitoring, and reintegration within the wider continuum of child protection. (Inter-agency group on children’s reintegration – Emily Delap and Joanna Wedge)

Gatekeeping Explores effective methods for identifying families at risk of separation, and describes the Active Family Support model proven to be effective in improving the well-being of children by preventing their separation from parents or enabling them to return to their birth families. (Christian Alliance for Orphans)

Effective Gatekeeping Practices Breaks down the steps needed in effective gatekeeping to ensure appropriate family placements and describes the critical role of gatekeeping in strengthening family-based care. (Faith to Action Initiative)

Securing Appropriate Placements for Children Explores important considerations for gatekeeping practices to secure appropriate family placements for children and highlights practical examples of gatekeeping from faith-based organizations in Southeast Asia and Lesotho. (Faith to Action Initiative)

Reintegration of Children with Disabilities

Children with disabilities make up a higher percentage of the children in residential care around the world, and they can face additional vulnerabilities. During the transition, individualized care plans need to include further considerations that support children with learning challenges or physical disabilities. In situations in which discrimination may be an issue, identify people of influence within the community, including faith leaders and school and government officials, in addition to caregivers, who can respond appropriately within the community.

It is important to note that special services, rehabilitation, therapies, and supported school integration are all important aspects of care planning, during all phases of the transition process. Families need to have sufficient community supports in place to care for the children. These may include trauma healing and psychological care, assistance integrating into school, special day services, equipment or physical aids (such as wheelchairs or hearing aids), specialized training for families (such as children’s care or how to communicate through sign language), and respite care for caregivers.

Reunification and Reintegration of Children with Disabilities into Family Care: Guidance for Residential Care Facilities & Case Management Teams Provides case workers and other staff with the considerations they need to look at for the successful reunification and placement of children with disabilities into family care, including understanding disability and how it impacts children’s care, disability-inclusive case management, and preparing children with disabilities for reunification or placement. (Changing the Way We Care)

Family Care for Children with Disabilities: Practical Guidance for Frontline Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Helps front-line personnel (social service workers and others) in low- and middle-income countries to work effectively with children with disabilities and their families and provides easy to read information and advice for those who may have little or no experience working with children with disabilities. (Elayn M. Sammon and Gwen Burchell – World Learning, Partnerships for Every Child, USAID)

The Closure of an Institution for Children and Adults with Disabilities: Good Practice Guide- Hope and Homes Outlines five key steps that serve as an effective blueprint for a successful reintegration process of children and disabilities including engagement, assessment, design and development, transition, and monitoring and evaluation. (Hope and Homes for Children)

Psychosocial Support for Children with Disability and Their Carers Provides an overview of psychosocial support for children with disabilities, including the effects and impact of disability. Provides a table of suggested interventions. (REPSSI)

Deinstitutionalization – A Human Rights Priority for Children with Disabilities Explores advances in policy and action to address the issue of institutionalization and makes recommendations for transforming the health, education, and social protection systems. Dispels some myths around institutions and shows that children with disabilities are particularly vulnerable to abuses of their human rights. (Mulheir, G.)

We All Need Families at the End of the Day – Special Care Highlights the increased risk of family separation faced by children with special needs and gives an inside look at an assisted family setting in Ghana where children with disabilities live with their foster mothers. (Better Care Network and UNICEF)

Training for Reintegrating Children with Disabilities – Ekisa A video-based course that delves into the main considerations of reintegrating children with special needs, gatekeeping, family conferencing, and providing support for families to promote permanency. (1MillionHome)

Reintegration of Special Populations and Emergency Settings

Some children transitioning to families may come from unique situations in which they were particularly vulnerable and may require special attention and support. These include children who entered residential care after experiencing trauma or exploitation in the form of trafficking, child labor, street living, natural disasters, conflicts, or forced migration. Family tracing and supported reunification or alternative family care are much more effective responses for decreasing the vulnerability of children than the placement of children in residential care.

Individualized care plans for these children may include trauma healing, psychological care, assistance integrating into school, specialized training for families, or respite care for caregivers, ultimately leading to family care.

Special resources and efforts are needed to assess and reintegrate children who have been separated from their families during emergencies. Temporary foster care or short-term emergency group homes may offer a small-group atmosphere for children to receive assessment and treatment prior to being transitioned into a more permanent option.

In situations in which discrimination may be a serious problem, such as children affected by HIV and AIDS, children who have been sexually exploited, or children associated with armed forces or groups, identifying and responding to stigmas within the community will involve engaging people of influence in the community, including faith leaders and school and government officials, in addition to caregivers.

Reintegration Guidelines for Trafficked and Displaced Children Living in Institutions Outlines eight steps for reintegration of this special population of children, including reporting abusive institutions, legal transfer of children, “rescue” and rehabilitation, family tracing, reintegration, initial support, monitoring, family support, and case closure. (Next Generation Nepal)

Training of Trainers: Unaccompanied and Separated Children Prepares participants to facilitate training on unaccompanied and separated children (UASC). This training reinforces participants’ understanding of the specific needs of UASC, highlights good practice, and provides participants the opportunity to apply learning within their own organization and to other stakeholders. (The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action)

Standard Operating Procedures: Family Reintegration Features guiding principles, key terms, key steps, evaluation, and further reading, with a focus on street children. (Retrak)

Technical Brief: Family Reintegration for Children Living on the Streets Demonstrates that successful family reintegration is possible for street children when there is a focus on the individual child, building positive attachments with caregivers, strengthening families’ capabilities, and involving the wider community. (Retrak)

Deinstitutionalization of Street Children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Provides information and recommendations for how to adapt existing standard operational procedures for reintegration of street children to best meet the needs of street children living in institutional care. (Retrak)

Family Resilience Project in Uganda Tells the story of a young boy who lived on the street, but was able to return to his family after intervention services were provided for his family. (AVSI and FHI 360)

Effective Interventions with Street-Connected Children: Lessons Learned in Kisumu, Kenya & Recommendations for the Future Shares about Kisumu’s successes in significantly reducing the street population within the city and the successful and unsuccessful interventions deployed in order to achieve these results. (Kisumu Street Children Rehabilitation Consortium)

Finding foster families for street connected children Describes the process of finding foster families for street-connected children who are not able to be reunified with their biological families. (Better Care Network & Child’s i Foundation)

Children in Emergencies Manual Contains sections on key concerns for children in emergencies, assessments (includes tools), cross cutting issues, separated and unaccompanied children, education, and more. (World Vision International)

Misguided Kindness: Making the right decisions for children in emergencies Demonstrates what action is needed to keep families together during a crisis, as well as what can be done to help children separated from their relatives return to a safe and nurturing family environment. (Save the Children UK)

Alternative Care in Emergencies Toolkit Provides tools and guidance designed to facilitate the process of planning and implementing interim care and related services for children separated from or unable to live with their families during an emergency. (Interagency Working Group on Unaccompanied and Separated Children)

Minimum Standards for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action Outlines six core principles that guide 26 standards of care to guide child protection in emergency humanitarian action. (The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action)

The Lost Ones: Emergency Care and Family Tracing for Separated Children From Birth to Five Years Contains step-by-step, practical, field-oriented guidance on the specific care and protection needs of babies and young children in an emergency. (Save the Children Alliance)

Inter-agency Guiding Principles on Unaccompanied and Separated Children Outlines the guiding principles that form the basis for appropriate action on behalf of separated children. Designed to assist governments and donors. (International Committee of the Red Cross)

Guidelines for Child Friendly Spaces in Emergencies Outlines how to assess, plan, implement, and monitor child-friendly spaces in emergency settings. (INEE and IASC)

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